History

History. Grade 3 (Lower Secondary).

[Audio] Imam Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, the leader of the Mahdist Revolution, was born on Labab Island near Dongola in 1843 AD, to a family whose profession was boatbuilding. This family migrated to the outskirts of Karari, where the Mahdi began studying the Holy Quran. After that, he moved among several Khalwas (traditional Quranic schools) such as Kitranj and Al-Ghabush in Berber, where he studied under Sheikh Muhammad Al-Khair Al-Ghabshawi. Later, he joined the Sammaniyya Sufi order under Sheikh Muhammad Sharif Nur al-Daim in the village of Sheikh Al-Tayyib, north of Khartoum, and then under Sheikh Al-Qurashi Wad Al-Zain in the Al-Halaween area of Al-Gezira. Finally, the Mahdi settled on Aba Island on the White Nile, teaching people the Quran and their religious affairs. His fame spread throughout all parts of the White Nile region; therefore, when the Mahdi announced his Mahdist call, he was already a well-known figure for his piety and knowledge, enjoying widespread respect among the people.

[Audio] This table shows the different khalwas that Imam al-Mahdi attended and the sheikhs from whom he acquired knowledge. Note that your textbook does not mention all the sheikhs, nor does it mention the names of some of the religious schools. Please note that your textbook does not mention all the sheikhs, nor does it mention the names of some of the religious schools. Therefore, I have included a summary of the religious schools and sheikhs in the following slide, based on what is mentioned in the textbook..

[Audio] This is a summary of the stages of study of Imam Mahdi, the Khalawi, and the Sheikhs, as mentioned in the textbook. You will likely be responsible for this in the exam..

[Audio] It is the phase in which Imam Al-Mahdi led the revolutionaries—whom Al-Mahdi named "Al-Ansar"—in military, political, and media confrontations against the Turco-Egyptian colonization This phase ended with the great victory when the revolutionaries entered Khartoum, the capital of the Turco-Egyptian rule, in January 1885 AD. The State Phase 1885–1898 AD: With the liberation of Khartoum in 1885 AD, the Mahdist movement transitioned from the revolution phase to the state phaseز Al-Mahdi transformed from a revolution leader into a ruler of a state where all the goals the revolutionaries fought for could be achieved. This state remained established until the fall of Omdurman—which the Mahdist state had made its capital—following the defeat of the Mahdist state in the Battle of Karari in September 1898 AD..

[Audio] Causes of the Mahdist Revolution: The causes of the Mahdist Revolution can be divided into two parts: The first part: Relates to the goals of the revolutionaries who rose up to achieve them, and their desire to establish a state and a society that fulfill their dreams of a free and dignified life, adhering to the teachings of the Islamic religion. The second part: Is linked to the evils and injustices of the Turkish rule, which made the revolutionaries believe in the necessity of ending this oppressive authority and establishing an alternative to it..

[Audio] Causes of the Mahdist Revolution: First - Causes Related to the Revolutionaries: 1. The desire of Imam Al-Mahdi and the revolutionaries to revive the correct Islamic religion, and to establish a society based on the guidance of the Holy Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah. 2. Establishing a national authority that works to fight corrupt beliefs and harmful habits, and to combat vice. 3. The desire to unite the Islamic world after liberating it from all forms of colonialism. 4. Achieving sovereignty in the homeland, getting rid of foreign rule, and returning governance to its people..

[Audio] Second - Causes Related to the Evils of Turkish Rule: Although the Turkish government had some civilized positives, such as opening some regular schools, improving health services, upgrading transport links, and developing the city of Khartoum, the evils of Turkish rule were numerous. Among the most important of these evils were: 1. Heavy taxes, cruelty in collecting them, and the use of methods of beating and humiliation against the Sudanese. 2. The violence with which the Turco-Egyptian authority confronted the Sudanese during the conquest campaigns and throughout its period of rule. 3. The government's failure to apply justice in dealing with the Sudanese, as it favored some over others, which angered some groups that felt the government preferred others over them..

[Audio] Reasons for the Success of the Mahdist Revolution: 1. The influential personality of Imam Al-Mahdi, his oratorical skills, his military and administrative capabilities, and his reliance on the most competent Sudanese military leaders. 2. The revolutionaries' belief in the necessity of achieving their dream of establishing their state, and their heroic readiness to sacrifice their lives to achieve this goal. 3. The weakness of the Turkish government's apparatuses and its various institutions. 4. The weakness of the military garrisons, their dispersion, and the difficulty of communication between them. 5. The Egyptian government's preoccupation with other issues in Egypt, which caused it to fail in preparing the necessary military and administrative arrangements to confront the Mahdist Revolution.

[Audio] Thank you. Wish you all the best.. Thank you.